Mental health providers that value and respect an individual’s autonomy, independence and safety seek to avoid the use of dangerous or restrictive interventions at all times (Donat, 2003). The use of seclusion and restraint are limited to situations deemed objectively to meet the threshold of imminent danger and when used are rigorously monitored and analyzed to prevent future use. Providers also seek to prevent violence or aggression from occurring in their treatment environments by focusing their attention on prevention activities that have a growing evidence base (Donat, 2003).

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• American Psychiatric Association
• National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI)
• American Psychiatric Nurses Association
• National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems

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• Donat, D. (August, 2003). An analysis of successful efforts to reduce the use of seclusion and restraint at a public psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services. 54(8): 1119-1123.
• Fisher, W. A. (2003). Elements of successful restraint and seclusion reduction programs and their application in a large, urban, state psychiatric hospital. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 9(1), 7-15.
• Huckshorn, K.A. (2004/September). Reducing seclusion and restraint use in mental health settings: Core strategies for prevention. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 42(9). Pp.22-31.
• Mohr, W. K., & Anderson, J. A. (2001). Faulty assumptions associated with the use of restraints with children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 14(3), 141- 151.
• Special Section on Seclusion and Restraint, (2005, Sept). Psychiatric Services, 56 (9), 1104-1142.
• Success Stories and Ideas for Reducing Restraint/Seclusion. (2003). A compendium of strategies created by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the American Psychiatric Nurses Association(APNA), the National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems (NAPHS), and the American Hospital Association Section for Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Services (AHA)http://www.naphs.org/.

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